The ECG in Figure-1 is from a middle-aged man who presented to the ED with new-onset severe CP (Chest Pain). His symptoms lasted ~30 minutes — but his CP had totally resolved by the time this ECG was recorded.
- How would you interpret the ECG in Figure-1?
- What would you do?
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| Figure-1: The initial ECG in today's case — obtained from middle-aged man with new CP. His CP had resolved by the time this ECG was recorded (To improve visualization — I've digitized the original ECG using PMcardio). |
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| Figure-2: XXXX |
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| Figure-3: XXXX |
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| Figure-4: XXXX |
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Acknowledgment: My appreciation to Kianseng Ng (from Kluang, Johore, Malaysia) for making me aware of this case and allowing me to use this tracing.
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ADDENDUM (3/13/2026):
I've added below material relating to Brugada ECG Patterns — beginning with my 2-part ECG Video:
- NOTE: Although I recorded this 2-part ECG Video in 2021 ( = 5 years ago) — with the exception of a few changes in approach (that I highlight below) — this 2-part video remains current, and hopefully facilitates recall of Brugada ECG patterns.
- I introduced the concept of Brugada Phenocopy in my ECG Blog #238 (published in July, 2021). This distinction between true Brugada Syndrome — vs a transient Brugada ECG pattern attributable to some other precipitating condition (ie, febrile illness; hyperkalemia; ischemia, etc.) with resolution of the ECG pattern once the precipitating condition resolves — remains critical for risk assessment, as well as for optimal management (Adytia and Sutanto — Current Prob in Card 49(6), 2024).
- Xu et al — Brugada Syndrome Update- 2025 —
- Krahn et al — JACC: Clinical EP 8(3):386-405, 2022 —
- As per the above JACC Review — for practical purposes, the only ECG pattern that is diagnostic of BrS (Brugada Syndrome) is Type-1 (as shown below for A in Figure-5 — when this ECG pattern is present in ≥1 of the anterior leads = V1,V2,V3).
- I had not been distinguishing between a Type-2 vs Type-3 pattern (as per my illustration in Figure-2 above). For investigators who do favor distinction between Type-2 ( = B in Figure-5) and Type-3 ( = C in Figure-5) — the shape of the ST-T wave is similar, with the difference being that with Type-3, there is <2mm of ST elevation.
- My Preference: I still favor use of only 2 Types ( = Brugada Types-1 and -2) — but whatever your preference, it’s good to be aware that some investigators employ the use of 3 Types (as shown below in Figure-5).
- Neither Type-2 nor Type-3 Brugada ECG patterns alone are diagnostic of BrS. That said — BrS can be diagnosed in these patients IF provocative testing with a SCB (Sodium Channel Blocker) converts a Type-2 or Type-3 pattern into a Brugada-1 ECG.
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| Figure-5: The 3 Brugada ECG Patterns (Adapted from Krahn et al — JACC: Clin Electrophys 8(3):386-405, 2022). |
- SAEs (Serious Arrhythmic Events) — are rarely the 1st symptom in patients with BrS (which emphasizes the importance of identifying Brugada ECG Patterns — and determining which of these patients are at highest risk for SAEs, and therefore in need of preventive treatment).
- Aside from a malignant arrhythmia — highest risk of SAEs are in: i) Patients with a history of cardiogenic syncope; — ii) The presence of a spontaneous Brugada-1 ECG; — and/or, iii) Association with Other Factors (ie, Excessive alcohol consumption — hypo-/hyperKalemia — Acidosis — Febrile Illness — have all been shown to facilitate Brugada-1-induced SAEs).
- The sensitivity for ECG recognition of a Brugada-1 pattern is increased by ~50% including high-lead positions (ie, Recording of leads V1 and V2 not only in the 4th IC space — but also in the 2nd and 3rd IC spaces, so as to account for anatomic variation in the position of the vulnerable RV Outflow Track).
- Be aware of intermittent, spontaneous fluctuations in the presence and potential sudden resolution of a Brugada-1 ECG pattern, especially in response to potential precipitating factors such as febrile illness, hyperkalemia, and/or certain drugs. As a result — Provocative Testing with a SCB (Sodium-Channel Blocking agent), is an important adjunct in risk assessment of the patient with a Brugada-1 ECG pattern (NOTE: Not all SCBs used in provocative testing are created equal — but this concept extends well beyond the scope of this ECG Blog).
- Genetic Testing is an important part of Brugada-1 risk assessment (especially since such testing may facilitate identifying family members at risk).
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| Figure-6: 2-page Summary of the essentials of Brugada Syndrome (from my ECG-2014-ePub). |
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| Figure-7: World prevalence map of Brugada Syndrome. The overall worldwide prevalence of Brugada Syndrome is ~0.5/1,000 in the population. This prevalence is highest in Southeast Asia (at least 5 times more common than in North America). The country with highest prevalence of Brugada Syndrome is Thailand, with ~15 times higher prevalence thn the worldwide average. Brugada-2 patterns (ie, "Saddleback") are also much more prevalent in Southeast Asia than elsewhere in the world. (Excerpted from Vutthikraivit et al: Acta Cardiol Sin 34:267-277, 2018). |
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| Figure-8: Summarizing Figure of KEY concepts reviewed in the above 2-part ECG Video. |
My Reading of the ECG
(1) V1, 2 are reminiscent of Brugada. There is a pseudo RBBB in V1. V1 has a rectilinear oblique descendent ST, followed by inverted symmetrical T wave. In V2 the ST is coved and it drops to a TWI. Strange! Two different ST Morphology, coved and rectilinear in the same ECG. In true Brugada, I would expect to see nearly identical changes in V1,2,3.
(2) The ST segment coving and T inversion in V3, V4 is not generally what you see with a typical Brugada pattern.
(3) There is also subtle-but-real ST coving in lead aVL.
(4) The complexes in lateral leads V5-6, aVL and I are minute.
(5) Leads II, III, aVF are minute with unmistakable straightening of the ST in lead I.
(6) The Gestalt is that ongoing Ischemia is the dominant player in this ECG.
I called Dr CYY and asked if there was any other ECGs. Yes, there were two other ECGs, a second taken 14 minutes later and a third taken the next day.
14 minutes later, V1, V2 are still reminiscent of Brugada. Note subtle-but-real reduction in the ß-angle in lead V1 compared to ECG 1. The very sharp descent of the T waves in V3 V4 looks like am Wellens Type A. Is this an AMI that is in the process of spontaneous reperfusion and this is not a Brugada but a Brugada Phenotype?
V1 2 in the two previous ECGs were Ischemia induced Brugada Phenocopy, copy cats or mimicry! There is now reperfusion Deep TW which proves that V3, V4 in ECG 2 were inchoate Wellens Biphasic TW. Deep TW are seen in V2 3 4 and also in I and aVL. But the TW in II III aVF are now very de Winter in morphology, especially so in lead II and we did say earlier that “Leads II, III, aVF are minute with unmistakable straightening of the ST in lead I.”
1 My first thought was that de Winter is a sign of LADA occlusion. However, Fabrizio Ricci et al stated that the pattern was described first in the left anterior descending coronary artery distribution, but it can occur in any coronary distribution.
2 We do know that de Winter can evolve into de Winter and vice versa.
3 Is it possible for Wellens and de Winter T-waves to be present in different arteries in the same patient, simultaneously? They represent different phases of the same pathological process. What we have here is Wellens and de Winter appearing at the same time but in different arteries, the first is reperfusing and the second is the process of occluding.
5 Other thoughts. Classic descriptions of Wellens and de Winter are Wellens is “pain free” and de Winter is “pain filled.” All three ECGs here are pain free.
Unfortunately, we do not have any other
Emeritus Professor Ken Grauer
Hi Kianseng. INTERESTING case! I agree with your interpretation. 1st ECG (11:37 am) — shows typical Brugada pattern in lead V1. But the ST segment coving and T inversion in V3, V4 is not generally what you see with a typical Brugada pattern (that most often has affected leads being V1,2,3 — and is not supposed to show ST coving …). There is also subtle-but-real ST coving in lead aVL in this 1st ECG.
2nd ECG (12:51pm) — Note subtle-but-real reduction in the ß-angle in lead V1 compared to ECG #1. The very sharp descent of the T in V3 (assuming there was no chest pain at this point) looks like a Wellens T wave …
3rd ECG (Aug 7) — No more Brugada phenocopy. Instead, deep precordial T wave inversion consistent with reperfusion T waves (also in aVL) — so I agree completely with your interpretation!
:) Ken
Hi Kianseng (2/15/2026)
Kianseng Ng, Clinical Lecturer in Internal Medicine in Kluang, Johore, Malaysia.
Good to hear from. Great case that you have resurfaced. I think (but cannot completely remember) that the reason I did not publish this one was for lack of follow-up …
That said — the ECG patterns are so very suggestive — that it IS worth making an ECG Blog of this, even if you cannot get any follow-up!
So — LET ME KNOW:
- Were Troponins ever done? (You said in the attached Word document that they may not have been … but please confirm if you have any information as to whether they were ever done?
- Am I correct that this patient never received cardiac cath?
- Do you know what happened to the patient? (Looks like there was acute MI with multi-vessel disease in LAD and RCA distribution — so just wondering if the patient survived).
In the past — I acknowledged you as per the attached. Do you want to add anyone else to the acknowledgment? Do you want to add the city in Malaysia?
Dear Emeritus Professor Ken Grauer;
Wow, we are excited, very excited indeed.
You asked 1 Were Troponins ever done? Sadly, no! The Physician in charge thought it was unnecessary 2 You are right, cardiac Cath was never done 3 Do you know what happened to the patient? No, we do not. The doctor who sent me the ECGs tried calling him but I believed he flew back to his home land. When You do publish this, could you add Kianseng Ng, Clinical Lecturer in Internal Medicine in Kluang, Johore, Malaysia. I teach in a private medical school (IMU) and the students are keen followers of your blog. Thank you and may God bless you and your family abundantly for your labour of love. Thank you sir, you made my day!
Warm Regards' — Kianseng
WHAT is Brugada Syndrome?
First described in 1992 — the Brugada Syndrome is important to recognize because of an associated very high risk of sudden death in otherwise healthy young or middle-aged adults who have structurally normal hearts.
- The prevalence of Brugada Syndrome in the general population is ~1/2,000. The syndrome has become a leading cause of sudden death in young adults (under 40 years of age).
- PEARL #2: Brugada Syndrome is much more common in Southeast Asia compared to the rest of the world. When considering the possibility of this syndrome — demographics of the patient are important! (See Figure-6 in the Addendum below).
- PEARL #3: Although the genetics of Brugada Syndrome are complicated — the gender of the patient is also important. There is a distinct male predominance to this syndrome.
Personal Reflection: I never learned about Brugada Syndrome in medical school (the syndrome had not yet been described). But especially during the past 10 years, in which I've closely followed numerous international ECG internet forums — I've seen countless cases, especially of transient Brugada ECG patterns similar to today's case.
- Once a clinical entity is "discovered" — it begins to get noticed with increasing frequency.
Regarding BRUGADA Syndrome vs Phenocopy:
I reference an excellent state-of-the-art Review article on Brugada Syndrome (Brugada J et al: J Am Coll Cardiol 72(9) 1046-1059, 2018). I've synthesized key aspects of this article:
- A Brugada Type-1 ECG pattern is diagnosed by the finding of ST elevation of ≥2 mm in one or more of the right precordial leads (ie, V1, V2, V3) — followed by an r’ wave and a coved or straight ST segment — in which the ST segment crosses the isoelectric line and ends in a negative T wave (See Panel A in Figure-4).
- A Brugada-1 pattern may either be observed spontaneously (with leads V1 and/or V2 positioned normally — or — positioned 1 or 2 interspaces higher than usual) — or — a Brugada-1 pattern may be observed as a response to provocative drug testing after IV administration of a sodium-channel blocking agent such as ajmaline, flecainide or procainamide.
- NOTE: In the past, the diagnosis of Brugada Syndrome required not only the presence of a Brugada-1 ECG pattern — but also a history of sudden death, sustained VT, non-vasovagal syncope or a positive family history of sudden death at an early age. This definition was changed following an expert consensus panel in 2013 — so that at the present time, all that is needed to diagnose Brugada Syndrome is a spontaneous or induced Brugada-1 ECG pattern (without need for additional criteria).
- Panel B in Figure-2 illustrates the Brugada Type-2 or "Saddleback" ECG pattern. This pattern may be suggestive — but by itself, it is not diagnostic of Brugada Syndrome (See Figure-4).
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| Figure-4: Review of ECG Patterns in Brugada Syndrome (adapted from the above cited article by Brugada et al in JACC: Vol 72, Issue 9) — (A) Brugada-1 ECG pattern, showing coved ST-segment elevation ≥2 mm in ≥1 right precordial lead, followed by a negative T-wave. (B) Brugada-2 ECG pattern (the “Saddleback” pattern) — showing concave-up ST-segment elevation ≥0.5 mm (generally ≥2 mm) in ≥1 right precordial lead, followed by a positive T-wave. (C) Additional criteria for diagnosis of a Brugada-2 ECG pattern (TOP: the ß-angle; BOTTOM: A Brugada-2 pattern is present if 5 mm down from the maximum R’ rise point — the base of the triangle formed is ≥4 mm — as this ensures a ß-angle ≥58°). |
PEARL #4: A number of conditions other than Brugada Syndrome may temporarily produce a Brugada-1 ECG pattern. A partial list includes the following:
- Certain drugs (antiarrhythmics; calcium channel blockers; ß-blockers; antianginals; psychotropic medications; alcohol; cocaine; other drugs).
- Acute febrile illness.
- Variations in autonomic tone.
- Hypothermia.
- Electrolyte imbalance (hypokalemia; hyperkalemia).
- Ischemia/infarction.
- Cardioversion/defibrillation.
- Bradycardia.
KEY Point: Development of a Brugada-1 or Brugada-2 ECG pattern as a result of one or more of the above factors — with resolution of this Brugada ECG pattern after correction of the precipitating factor(s) is known as Brugada Phenocopy.
- The importance of being aware of this phenomenon of Brugada Phenocopy — is that correction of the underlying condition (ie, the acute febrile illness in today’s case) may result in resolution of the Brugada-1 ECG pattern — with a much better longterm prognosis compared to patients with true Brugada Syndrome (ie, an ICD may not be needed, as it probably would be if true Brugada Syndrome was present!).
- NOTE: To ensure a diagnosis of Brugada Phenocopy — the patient should have: i) A negative family history of sudden death; ii) Lack of a Brugada-1 ECG pattern in 1st-degree relatives; iii) No history of syncope, serous arrhythmias, seizures or nocturnal agonal respiration; and, iv) A negative sodium channel-blocker challenge test.
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Final Comment on Today's Case:
Assuming the elderly woman in today's case had otherwise been healthy (without a personal history of syncope, serious arrhythmias, seizures or nocturnal agonal respiration) — the fact that the Brugada-1 ECG pattern we initially saw completely resolved so soon after fever resolution, strongly suggests she has Brugada Phenocopy (and not Brugada Syndrome) — and that her longterm prognosis is likely to be good.
- Whether she needs to undergo a negative sodium channel-blocker challenge test at her advanced age (and what impact her family history might have at her age) — are issues for her informed consent and medical providers to decide.
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Acknowledgment: My appreciation to 유영준 (from Seoul, Korea) for making me aware of this case and allowing me to use this tracing.
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References & Related ECG Blog Posts to Today’s Case:
- For an excellent state-of-the-art Review article on Brugada Syndrome — CLICK HERE (Brugada J et al: J Am Coll Cardiol 72(9) 1046-1059, 2018).
- For a Review on the entity of Brugada Phenocopy — CLICK HERE (Anselm D et al: World Cardiol 6(3) 81-86-2014).
- For a study documenting the inability of experts to distinguish between a Brugada-1 ECG pattern from Brugada Syndrome vs Brugada Phenocopy — CLICK HERE (Gottschalk et al: Europace 18, 1095-1100, 2016).
- ECG Blog #50 — For a case of Brugada Syndrome.
- The September 5, 2020 post in Dr. Smith's ECG Blog (Please scroll down to the bottom of the page to see My Comment). This case shows an example of Brugada Phenocopy as a result of Hyperkalemia.
- The May 6, 2019 post in Dr. Smith's ECG Blog (Please scroll down to the bottom of the page to seeMy Comment). This case reviews an example in which it was difficult to distinguish between Brugada Phenocopy vs an ongoing acute STEMI.
- The September 8, 2019 post in Dr. Smith's ECG Blog (Please scroll down to the bottom of the page to see My Comment). This case reviews another example of Brugada Phenocopy as a result of Hyperkalemia.
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